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| c. 1205 |
| | Many of the treasures adorning the church of San Marco in Venice are loot taken from Constantinople during the fourth crusade | |
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| 1220 |
| | Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman emperor by a somewhat reluctant pope, Honorius III | |
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| 1254 |
| | The death of the last Hohenstaufen ruler, Conrad IV, leaves a vacancy on the German throne which is not filled for nineteen years | |
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| 1260 |
| | The Bohemian prince Otakar II, ruler also of Austria, extends his territories after defeating the Hungarians at Kressenbrunn | |
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| 1273 |
| | The period without a German king, known as the Great Interregnum, ends with the election of a Habsburg prince, Rudolf I | |
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| 1278 |
| | At Dürnkrut Rudolf I defeats and kills Otakar II, his rival for Austria - thus bringing the Austrian territories into the Habsburg domain | |
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| 1346 |
| | Charles IV, king of Bohemia, German king and Holy Roman emperor, makes Prague a glittering centre of learning and architecture | |
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| 1356 |
| | Charles IV establishes a permanent group of seven electors - four hereditary German rulers and the archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier | |
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| 1438 |
| | The office of Holy Roman emperor becomes a hereditary title within the Habsburg dynasty | |
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| 1477 |
| | Maximilian, heir to Austria, weds Mary, heiress to Burgundy, in the first of the great marriage alliances which form the Habsburg empire | |
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